土壤Nmin在南疆棉花氮肥推荐中的应用研究

结合6个施氮水平下土壤Nmin速测值分析了土壤Nmin与施肥量和棉花产量关系,对应用土壤Nmin进行棉花氮肥推荐进行了研究。分析结果表明:土壤Nmin与棉花产量和施氮量均呈正相关关系,与土壤深度呈负相关关系;其中0~20cm土层土壤与施氮量和棉花产量相关性最强,可以很好的表征土壤初始供氮能力,因而可以利用它作为棉花氮肥推荐的指标。在考虑土壤初始供氮能力下,供试棉花品种达到最高产量时的最佳施肥量为226kghm-2,此时0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值为为20mgkg-1,并结合最佳施肥量和0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值计算出了棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期的氮肥追施量。     

Diagnostic Leaf Nutrient Norms and Identification of Yield-Limiting Nutrients of Mango in Eastern Plateau and Hill Region of India

The leaf nutritional status of mango orchards was assessed using diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). The DRIS norms, which showed higher variance and lower coefficients of variation, are found to have greater diagnostic precision. As per DRIS indices, a relative deficiency for magnesium, zinc, and boron corresponding to relative sufficiency for calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and potassium was detected in 9-year-old mango orchards. For the younger orchards (6–7 year old), the order of requirement of nutrients was found to be calcium > sulfur > potassium > boron > nitrogen > phosphorus > magnesium > zinc. Boron was found as the most yield-limiting elements in all age group of plants. When the DRIS indices were compared on the basis of soil pH, calcium and magnesium were most yield-limiting nutrients below pH 5.5, while nitrogen, zinc, and boron were found to be most limiting above pH 5.5.     

不同氮肥用量与施肥时期对冷浸田单季稻 生长及农学效率的影响

冷浸田为福建省主要低产田类型之一。基于福建省浅脚烂泥田、青泥田与锈水田主要冷浸田类型,通过田间3个点试验研究不同氮肥用量(105、150与195 kg/hm~2)与施用时期(基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0与基蘖肥︰穗肥=7︰3)运筹组合对单季稻生长的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进了各类型冷浸田水稻分蘖期分蘖生长速率。不同氮肥组合的锈水田、青泥田与浅脚烂泥田水稻籽粒产量分别较不施肥(CK)增幅14.5%~45.5%、9.4%~13.5%和10.4%~15.9%,但在105 kg/hm~2用量基础上再进一步增施氮肥,籽粒增产效果明显放缓。施用氮肥显著增加了成熟期水稻有效穗数,但对每穗实粒数及千粒重影响不明显。105、150、195 kg/hm~2 3种氮肥用量下各类型冷浸田的农学效率均值分别为17.4、13.3与12.8 kg/kg。除浅脚烂泥田施用穗肥的秸秆产量有显著差异外,其余氮肥不同施肥时期的籽粒与秸秆产量均无显著差异。增施氮肥有提高籽粒氮的趋势,但同时降低了籽粒钾含量。鉴于冷浸田土壤氮素水平较高,单季稻氮肥经济用量宜控制在105~150 kg/hm~2中低水平,超过150 kg/hm~2,农学效率递减,且无明显增产效果。另从人工成本及效益考虑,宜选择基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0的施氮方式。     

从战略高度推进竹业发展的几点思考

木本竹在保证木材安全、食品安全、生态安全和繁荣生态文明中具有重要的地位,尤其在促进地方经济发展、改善民生、绿色发展等方面发挥着重要作用,竹产业发展迎来了良好的机遇。文中以咸宁毛竹资源的开发利用现状为背景,在充分分析调研资料的基础上,剖析了竹业发展面临着劳动力资源贫乏、传统竹制品应用空间被压缩、加工技术滞后、综合利用率低、扶持力度不大等问题。在综合评估竹子及其产业地位和价值的基础上,针对存在问题提出了通过加大政策支持、完善产业链条、突破技术瓶颈等手段来推动竹业健康快速和可持续发展的建议。     

基于响应式Web的农业网站设计方法研究

响应式Web由于其适应全设备的特点,已成为当今网站设计的主流。该研究从对响应式Web的介绍和关键技术的分析入手,结合国内外响应式Web应用的现状,提出了农业网站响应式Web的设计流程,并对页面布局作出了多种方案分析,为农业网站建设提供参考。     

A novel dynamic trust model for network service

A novel dynamic trust model for network service is proposed. The corresponding relationship of trust evaluation and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are introduced in the computations,compounds,and general operations of experience of trust,neighbor recommendation trust and agency recommendation trust,which are based on trust demand attributes. Meanwhile,the trust attributes’ weight factors are determined by precise function proportion,while time series weight factors are defined by the inverse form of exponential distribution. And the trust service is finally distinguished by the result of general trust scoring function and psychological factors. Simulation results show that the model can effectively build trust relationship between entities and restrain attacks from malicious entities.     

基于RapidSCAN CS-45的新疆滴灌冬小麦氮肥推荐研究

为给滴灌小麦氮营养状况实时评估和氮肥合理施用提供参考,通过2年田间定位试验,以当地主栽品种新冬22号为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、120、240、360、480kg·hm~(-2)),利用主动式光谱仪RapidScan CS-45获取各生育时期冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化红边植被指数(NDRE),分析其与滴灌冬小麦各生育时期氮肥施用效应的关系,建立了新疆滴灌冬小麦生育时期施氮模型。结果表明,滴灌冬小麦冠层NDVI和NDRE值在返青期至孕穗期均快速增加,在孕穗期至灌浆期增长减缓,进入灌浆期后开始降低;滴灌冬小麦冠层NDVI与NDRE值的动态变化趋势具有明显的一致性,总体上随施氮量的增加而增大,均与施氮量呈显著的线性关系,其中在返青期和扬花期NDVI与施氮量的线性关系最好,r~2分别为0.925 4和0.944 5,在拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期NDRE与施氮量的线性关系最好,r~2分别为0.929 7、0.959 6、0.941和0.953;滴灌冬小麦全生育时期总施氮量为239.98kg·hm~(-2),返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期和乳熟期冠层NDVI临界值分别为0.150 8、0.721 3、0.820 6、0.828 8、0.831 6和0.741 0,NDRE临界值分别为0.059 3、0.242 5、0.307 6、0.346 5、0.360 4和0.322 5。因此,在滴灌冬小麦返青期和扬花期,可选择基于冠层NDVI建立的施氮推荐模型,拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期选择基于冠层NDRE建立的施氮模型实现推荐施氮。     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF CVA,DRIS, AND CND NORMS FOR THREE HYBRIDS OF POPULUS MAXIMOWICZII PLANTED IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC

Plantations of hybrid poplars adapted to relatively poor soils and cold conditions are being established in abandoned fields and forest sites in southern Quebec. Hybrids of Populus maximowiczii are well adapted to these sites but little is known about their nutritional requirements. The objectives of this study were to develop nutritional norms (CVA, DRIS, CND) for three of these hybrids: 915508, Populus euramericana or canadensis X Populus maximowiczii; 3729, Populus nigra X Populus maximowiczii; and 915303, Populus maximowiczii X Populus balsamifera, and to apply the norms on some sites recently planted in southern Quebec. Six plantations (two per clone) were used for the determination of nutritional norms. In each plantation, individual trees were fertilized with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) according to a factorial design with three levels of application for each nutrient (3⁵ = 243 treatments). Tree diameter and height, unit foliar mass and foliar chemistry (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of each tree were determined two years after fertilization. CVA, DRIS and CND norms were determined using a boundary-line approach with each plantation. Nutritional norms could be established for most combinations of clones and nutrients. CVA, DRIS and CND indices produced with published optimum nutrient concentrations for hybrid poplars closely related to P. maximowiczii were generally in agreement with the ones developed in our study. Differences in nutritional norms among P. maximowiczii hybrids/clones were small but hybrid/clone specific norms could provide more precise estimates of tree nutrition. The application of the norms on some representative sites of southern Quebec revealed more frequent nutrient imbalances than true nutrient deficiencies with generally excessive Ca and Mg, and limiting N, P, and K.     

蔬菜氮磷钾三元肥效模型的MonteCarlo建模法

应用"3414"设计的田间肥料试验结果,探讨蔬菜氮磷钾三元肥效模型的Monte Carlo建模法。莴苣试验结果表明,采用最小二乘法回归建模,NP、NK二元肥效模型属于非典型式,PK二元和NPK三元肥效模型属于典型式;而改用MonteCarlo建模法,NP、NK和PK二元肥效模型以及NPK三元肥效模型均属于典型式。采用最小二乘法回归建模,不同蔬菜作物建立的34个三元肥效模型的典型式出现机率为41.2%,而Monte Carlo建模法的典型式出现机率为91.2%,提高了2.2倍。Monte Carlo建模法是适当放弃数学上偏差平方和最小的最优性,使待估参数达到专业上最优而数学上较优,从而提高典型肥效模型的出现机率。对莴苣氮钾非典型肥效模型的推荐施肥表明,Monte Carlo法的结果明显优于产量频率分析法。因此,Monte Carlo建模法为建立蔬菜多元肥效模型和推荐施肥提供了一种有效方法。     

Crop Nutrient Status and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances Obtained in Field Trials Evaluating Different Fertilizer Recommendation Systems on Various Soils and Crops in Hungary

Based on correlations calculated from the database of long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Hungary between 1960 and 2000, a new, cost-saving, and environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system was developed. The aim of the new system is to apply the lowest possible nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) rates required to achieve good yields and maximum income per unit area. The World Phosphorus Institute (IMPHOS) agreed to finance a 3-year program to test various Hungarian fertilizer recommendation systems (the new RISSAC-RIA [Research for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry‐Research Institute for Agriculture] system, the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated soil fertility management system, and the intensive MÉM NAK [Department of Plant Protection and Agricultural Chemistry of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture] system) when applied to three major crops grown on three characteristic Hungarian soils. The first five treatments in the experiment represented a classical deficiency experiment, aimed at checking the correctness of the NPK supply categories determined by the various systems. On all three soils and for all three crops the IMPHOS experiments confirmed the basic principles of the new cost-saving, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system and the correctness of the methods used for calculating fertilizer rates. In this article, diagnostic plant analysis, soil analysis data, and NPK balances obtained in the different recommendations are discussed. In most cases the plant NPK contents of all the recommendations exceeded the lower limits of the good NPK supply category for wheat and barley shoot as well as for corn leaf. Crop NPK contents in Talajer?gazdálkodás and MÉM NAK treatments (with greater recommended NPK doses) were most cases better than in the RISSAC-RIA treatments; however, the better crop NPK status did not result in extra grain yield in the former treatments. Taking into account that similarly high yields were obtained using the RISSAC-RIA system and the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated system with much smaller NPK doses than those recommended by the intensive MÉM NAK system, it was more advantageous from agronomic, environmental protection, and economic points of view. Differences in PK balances correlated well with the differences in the measured soil ammonium lactate (AL)–PK contents after the third year of the experiment.